Moles—also known as nevi—are common skin growths made up of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Most people have several moles, and the vast majority are completely harmless. They can appear anywhere on the skin and vary in color, size, and shape. In most cases, moles develop during childhood or adolescence and remain unchanged throughout a person’s life.
However, some moles can change over time, and in rare cases, they may signal the early stages of melanoma—a potentially life-threatening form of skin cancer. Because early detection is critical to successful treatment, understanding what’s normal and what’s not can make all the difference. Knowing what to look for, performing regular self-exams, and knowing when to consult a healthcare provider are essential steps in protecting your skin health.
Know Your Moles and Perform Regular Checks
Most people have between 10 and 40 moles. These are typically small, ranging from 1 to 3 millimeters, and can be either flat or raised. Their color can vary from pink, tan, and brown to black, particularly in people with darker skin tones. Dermatology experts recommend performing head-to-toe self-examinations at least once a month under good lighting. Taking photographs of your moles can help you track changes over time and notice any new or evolving ones.
Use the ABCDE Rule
A helpful method for identifying potentially dangerous moles is the ABCDE rule:
A stands for asymmetry. If one half of the mole does not match the other, it could be cause for concern.
B is for border. Irregular, notched, or blurred edges are often warning signs.
C represents color. Moles that display multiple colors—such as shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue—warrant closer attention.
D stands for diameter. A mole larger than about 6 millimeters (roughly the size of a pencil eraser) may require evaluation.
E is for evolving. Any mole that changes in size, shape, color, or texture, or begins to itch, bleed, or crust, should be checked by a healthcare provider.
The Cleveland Clinic advises seeking medical advice immediately if a mole shows any of these signs.
Learn the "Ugly Duckling" Sign
Not all melanomas follow the ABCDE rule. Sometimes a mole simply looks different from the others on your body. This is known as the “ugly duckling” sign and can be a crucial clue in spotting melanoma that might otherwise go unnoticed.
Understand Risk Factors
Some individuals are at higher risk for melanoma due to genetics or having atypical moles, also called dysplastic nevi. People with many or irregular moles can have a significantly higher lifetime risk of developing melanoma. Sun exposure is the leading preventable cause of melanoma. UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds can damage skin cells and lead to cancer over time. Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding the sun during peak hours can reduce your risk.
When to Visit a Professional
Experts recommend a professional skin examination at least once a year for most adults. Those with a personal or family history of melanoma, or who have many atypical moles, may need more frequent check-ups—every 4 to 6 months in some cases. If a mole appears suspicious, a dermatologist will likely use a dermatoscope (a magnified lens with light) to get a better view. If needed, a biopsy will be performed to determine if the mole is cancerous.
Know the Stakes
Early detection of melanoma is key to successful treatment. When caught early, the five-year survival rate is about 99%. However, if melanoma spreads to the lymph nodes, that rate drops to around 74%. Further spread to other organs reduces the survival rate to roughly 35%. Some melanomas develop in less obvious areas like under the nails, on the palms or soles, the scalp, or even mucous membranes. A rare but dangerous type known as acral lentiginous melanoma is more common in people with darker skin but is often curable when diagnosed early.
In Summary
Most moles are harmless, but being proactive about skin health is vital. Monthly self-checks and annual dermatology visits can catch changes early, when treatment is most effective. Use the ABCDE rule and keep an eye out for any mole that stands out as an “ugly duckling.” Pay attention to your risk factors, protect your skin from the sun, and don’t hesitate to seek medical advice if something looks or feels off. When in doubt, get it checked—your health could depend on it.
Sources:
- CDC – Symptoms of Skin Cancer
- Mayo Clinic – Moles: Diagnosis & Treatment
- Cleveland Clinic – Moles: Types & Exams
- Skin Cancer Foundation – Melanoma Warning Signs
- Verywell Health – The ABCDE Rule of Skin Cancer
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